FROM KOPIAH TO PECI: Pan Islam and Arab Nationalism
Pan
Islam, provides awareness of the greatness of Islam. As well as destroying the
sense of inferiority of Muslims throughout the world. Pan-Islam is the same as
Ukhuwah Islamiyah or brotherhood among Muslims. Pan-Islam is what Western
academics call panislamism, where they equate it with ideology and relate it to
jihad or holy war.
The
Pan-Islamic Movement is a movement that emerged in the mid-19th century AD.
This movement, which was led by modern thinkers, was supported by the last
Caliph of Islam, Sultan Abdul Hamid II. To legitimize the Pan-Islamic movement.
The Sultan signed a call for Muslims throughout the world to rise against
Western powers who wanted to destroy Islam.
Not
just fighting the domination of colonialism with weapons. But we also fight
with thoughts, culture and a sense of brotherly solidarity among Muslims or
ukhuwah Islamiyah or Pan Islam. The document of revival and resistance was
signed by Sultan Abdul Hamid II on 23 November 1914 AD. Also signed by Sheikh
Al-Islam in Istanbul, Turkiye.[2]
The
Sultan approved and fully supported the Pan Islamic movement which had been
moving and fighting. In Western understanding, the jihad waged by Sultan Abdul
Hamid II was only limited to a holy war or religious war in Islam. The Pan
Islamic jihad was considered defeated when Turkiye lost World War I and
collapsed in 1922 AD. They do not understand that the meaning of jihad is a
form of struggle that is carried out seriously by every Muslim individual
wherever and whenever.
The
jihad referred to by the Sultan, such as studying or seeking knowledge,
educating the younger generation, becoming an entrepreneur, becoming a
journalist, becoming a historian, establishing parties, building troops and
establishing organizations to advance the socio-cultural development of Muslims
is part of real jihad.
Although
the Pan Islamic movement sank with the collapse of the Caliphate. But Pan Islam
has become the spirit or driving force of Muslims. So far, Muslims have been
slumped and silent. Then it slowly started to move wildly. As a result, time
after time, one by one, the Muslim countries controlled by Western colonialism
became independent.
One
of the Turkiye Ottoman cultures which is used as a symbol of the unity of
Muslims is the head covering hat. A head covering hat that was worn by all
Muslims at that time. Including Muslims in Southeast Asia. By wearing a
Sultan's hat and the hat of the people of the Caliphate.
Muslims
signaled that they were lining up behind the Caliphate. In Southeast Asia this
hat is known as Kopia. Kopia has become a symbol of Islamic banking and is used
as a cultural identity by the movement. We can see photos of movement members
wearing black coffee beans.
The
coffee cup is a Pan-Islamic symbol of the Ottoman Turks. Spread through the
Hajj pilgrimage activities. Hajj pilgrims buy kopia as souvenirs from Mecca.
Then distribute them to their place of origin when they return home. Pay
attention to the typical Jewish hat which is smaller than the Islamic cap. This
means that Semitic culture is returning.
Because
many people like coffee. There are also coffee craftsmen appearing in Southeast
Asia, including Indonesia. By the kopia has become a symbol of Muslims to this
day in Southeast Asia. The word kopia is derived from one of the names of the
traditional Turkiye hats, namely kopye or kopje.
Snouck
Hurgronje tried hard to stop the influence of Pan Islam in the Dutch East
Indies (Indonesia). Apart from carrying out cooperative politics with soft
ulama. Also advised to monitor fanatic clerics and people of Arab descent in
the Dutch East Indies. The Dutch Colonial Government also stopped all channels
of information and communication. Such as stopping the entry of mass media that
contain Islamic writings and magazines from Turkiye Usmani.
Apart
from that, it makes things difficult for Indonesian Muslims who are going on
the Hajj. Because at that time Mecca and Medina were still one with the Turkiye
Ottoman Islamic Caliphate. In this way, if a Muslim goes on the Hajj. The
influence of Pan-Islam directly affected them.
One
of the Hajj pilgrims who follows Pan Islamic thinking is Kiai Ahmad Dahlan. He
studied a lot of the thoughts of the Pan Islam shop, Jamaluddin Alafghani. When
he performed the Hajj at the beginning of the 20th century. After returning
from Mecca, he became a movement figure and founded Muhammadiyah.
One
of the information media that is prohibited from entering Indonesia is the
Maklumat magazine published in Turkiye. Even though it is prohibited, the
Turkiye edict magazine can still be smuggled into Indonesia. It entered via
Singapore, then some were taken to Aceh, to Palembang, and to the island of
Java.[3]
The
defeat of the Ottoman Empire and Germany in World War I made the Pan-Islamic
movement weak because the centre of the movement became weak. Slowly the Pan-Islamic
movement disappeared, including in Indonesia. However, the seeds of resistance
and awareness of Islam have grown in every region of the Islamic world. In
every corner of the world, where there are groups of Muslims, they are starting
to fight against Western (allied) domination. Either physical or mental
resistance. Islamic organizations were established in the Dutch East Indies,
such as Al-Irsyad, Syarikat Islam, Muhammadiyah and others.
After
World War I, the Allies then infiltrated the territory of the Ottoman Turkek
Caliphate. Where their agents instigated and persuaded the local population to
rebel against the Caliphate. They helped with materials and weapons. So a
national movement or nationalism emerged in the Turkiye government area,
especially in the Arabian Peninsula.
In
the Arab region, Arab nationalism is rising. With the strengthening of Arab
nationalism and the defeat of the Ottoman Turks. The Dutch got a breath of
fresh air and they no longer needed to try to stop Pan Islam in Indonesia. But
the fire of Pan Islam burned in every corner of the Dutch East Indies.
Meanwhile, on the other hand, Arab people in Indonesia have finally become
pro-Arab nationalism. They abandoned Pan Islam from Turkiye and sided with the
Arab nationality.
Taking
advantage of the weakness of Turkiye who had just lost the war. The Arab people
rebelled because they were influenced by Western political propaganda which
wanted to destroy the Islamic Caliphate and extinguish Islamic symbols. So, the
West created and supported pawns in the Ottoman Turkiye region. To hit the
Ottoman Turkiye Islamic Caliphate from within. The allies actually don't care
about Muslim nations. Because they just want to defeat Islam. Ending Islamic
unity and separating Islam from its adherents. For Europe, Islam has gripped
Europe for so long. In fact, what gripped Europe was feudalism, the church, and
their own heart disease.
Among
the people who were used as pawns of the West in destroying the Islamic
Caliphate. For example, Syarif Husein in the Hijaz rebelled against the Ottoman
Turk Caliphate and sided with the (Western) allies. Because they want to get
support from allies for their political continuity. Then Syarif Husein's sons
became kings in Arabia, which before the war was the territory of the Ottoman
Turkek Caliphate, which had been around for more than 500 years. Faisal became
king in Iraq, Abdullah in Jordan and Ali in Suriyah.[4]
This
the Caliphate began to disintegrate from within. One by one the regions broke
away. At the same time, Sultan Abdul Hamid II tried hard to defend Palestine
from the Allies. However, a group of Arabs stabbed in the back in order to
destroy the Turkiye Ottoman caliphate and preserve their political position.
This
is not intended to vilify Arabs or the current Arab regime. But as a study
material, politics can defeat brotherhood, faith and unity and can kill anyone.
Until now, Palestine is in the grip of the Israeli Zionist Jews who are
fortified by the Allies. Why did the Allies give Palestine to the Jews.
Because
the Allies or Christians did not want to be directly hostile to Muslims. We
realize that it is Jews who are hated by Muslims for Palestine now, not
Christians or the West. They (the allies) do not want Palestine to be
controlled by Muslims. Just want to end domination in the name of Islam. At the
same times, they wanted to have their holy place in Jerusalem without having to
fight again with the Muslims. Meanwhile, England also diverted Jewish refugees
to Palestine so as not to overwhelm England.
In
Turkiye itself, an extreme secular Turkiye nationalism finally emerged. Namely,
a general named Mustafa Kemal Ataturk who was also a pawn of the Allies in
defeating the Islamic Caliphate. Thereby the Caliphate was abolished by the
Turkiye people themselves, whose ancestors had worked hard to build it with
energy and wealth.
With
sweat and blood but destroyed by their children and grandchildren. As a result
of being consumed by nationalist propaganda and considering Western thought to
be superior in the state. Besides, wanting to have his own power and drunkenly wants
to be a hero. Not blaming the extreme secular Turkiye group, but just knowledge
for us to think about.
If we look at
nationalism with extreme secularism, it is very effective in destroying the
power of Islam. Where the Muslims themselves attack each other, fight. Apart
from destroying, extreme nationalism-secularism can also stop the power of
Islam as in Indonesia during the New Order and other Islamic countries.
With
the collapse of the Ottoman Turkiye Caliphate. Then the Pan-Islam movement
(ukhuwah Islamiyah) ended. Arab nationalism continued to increase and the
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia as we know it was established. So, when people from
Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei Darussalam or Muslims in Southeast Asia go on Hajj.
In
the past, they used kopye or kopia as in the days of Mecca and Medina in the
Ottoman Empire. Now it is slowly changing, and still is. We no longer see them,
our Hajj pilgrims with black coffees like during the Caliphate, the Pan-Islamic
era.
But
Hajj pilgrims now wear white caps that cover their heads. In fact, it indicates
that there has been a change in rulers in Mecca and Medina. From the last
Muslim Caliphate of the Turkiye Ottomans to the kingdom of the Ibn Saud
dynasty. From the name Saud, they named the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Maybe
you have received a white cap souvenir from someone returning from Hajj.
Likewise, when the Caliphate was still standing, Muslims returning from the
Hajj distributed black coffee souvenirs which we use for prayers like now. Now,
kopia has become part of the culture of Muslims in Indonesia and Southeast
Asia.
Already!!
all of that is history. Let's forget about the kopia and peci problems. We can
wear it alternately when going to the mosque, attending celebrations or
tahlilan. We don't need to worry about it anymore, it happened. From now on we
organize a new Islamic world. Peace and friendship with other nations without
the need for war like in the past.
We
replace weapons with pens, we replace the battlefield with a room for
deliberation and discussion. We build a new path together. It doesn't matter if
it's East or West. Nor does it lie in Islam or non-Islam, but the problem
"is within ourselves." Greetings Muslim Association.
Write: Joni Apero
Sy. Apero Fublic
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